反倾销与反补贴

AD (anti-dumping) and CVD (countervailing duty) are trade remedies used to protect domestic industries. For solar: the US imposed 25-30% AD/CVD on Chinese modules in 2012 (still in effect), and in 2024 opened a new AD/CVD case against Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, and Cambodia for alleged circumvention via Southeast Asia. The EU had AD/CVD on Chinese modules from 2013-2018 (now expired). India, Turkey, and Brazil have periodically used AD to protect local manufacturing. AD/CVD rates vary by country of origin and company, commonly 20-80% when applied.